Question 8
(a) Two metal spheres are in thermal equilibrium.
State and explain what is meant by thermal equilibrium.
[2]
(b) An electric water heater contains a tube through which
water flows at a constant rate.
The water in the tube passes over a heating coil, as
shown in Fig. 3.1.
Fig. 3.1
The water flows into the tube at a temperature of 18 °C.
When the power of the heater is
3.8 kW, the temperature of the water at the outlet is 42
°C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g-1 K-1.
(i) Use the data to calculate the flow rate, in g s-1,
of water through the tube.
[3]
(ii) State and explain whether your answer
in (i) is likely to be an overestimate or an
underestimate of the flow rate. [2]
Reference: Past Exam Paper – November 2012 Paper 41 & 42 Q3
Solution:
(a) Two
metal spheres are said to be in thermal equilibrium when the temperatures of
the two spheres are the same and there
is no (net) transfer of energy between the spheres.
(b)
(i)
{Heat energy = mcΔθ
Power = energy / time
= mcΔθ
/ t = (m/t) cΔθ
The quantity m/t is
the flow rate of water through the tube. That is, the mass of water flowing per
second.
Unit of m/t = [mass] /
[time] = g s-1 when mass is
given in gram}
Power = (m/t) cΔθ
3800 = (m/t) × 4.2 × (42 –
18)
Note: no need to
convert tempt to Kelvin here, because the difference would be the same value
m/t =
38 g s-1
(ii) Some thermal energy is lost to the surroundings. So the rate
is an overestimate.
{Some of the energy is
lost and therefore, not used to heat the water.
Power = energy / time. So,
the value of power gives us how much energy is provided per time.
Power = (m/t) cΔθ So, (m/t) =
Power / cΔθ
In the above calculation,
we have taken the power to be 3800 W. But we know that some energy is lost to
the surroundings and is not used for heating the water. So, the actual value that
should be used must be less than 3800 W.
BUT since we have taken the power as 3800 W, the value of m/t obtained is greater than it really should. So, the value obtained is an overestimate.}
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